The first section thoroughly discusses the science behind fuel cells in general. This is because a fuel cell is continuously supplied with fuel and air or oxygen from an external source. Barbir, pem fuel cells theory and practice, elsevieracademic press, 2005. Increasing demand for unconventional sources of energy is one of the key factors driving the growth. Fuel cell systems are a clean, efficient, reliable, and quiet source of power. However, the excitement over fuel cells within the research community has led to such rapid innovation and. Pem fuel cell freeze and rapid startup investigation. Designed to inspire scientists to think about the future of fuel cell technology, fuel cell science addresses the emerging field of bioelectrocatalysis and the theory of heterogeneous reactions in fuel cell science and proposes potential applications for electrochemical energy production.
Bipolar plates play the most significant role in weight, volume and corresponding costs of fuel cells. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen usually from air to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy usually. Conclusions 259 problems 259 quiz 260 references 261 8 fuel cell diagnostics 265 8. Since mcfcs operate at high temperature, the reaction rate is fast, even when using lowcost catalysts, as compared with relatively di erent fuel cell. First fuel cellfirst fuel cell 3 in 1839, william grove, a british jurist and amateur physicist, first discovered the principle of the fuel cell.
Thermodynamic efficiency of hydrogen fuel cells youtube. The acquisition brings fuel cell stack technology and products inhouse which plug power plans to integrate into several models of its gendrive fuel cell systems with first deployments in 2014. However, survivability, durability, operation, and rapid startup of fuel cell vehicles under subfreezing temperatures are barriers to the technology that should be addressed before massmarket. A durable fuel cell power system including hydrogen storage that achieves 60% energy efficiency when operating at peak power and that offers a 325 wkg power density and 220 wl operating on hydrogen. In one volume, respected experts bent sorensen and giuseppe spazzafumo. Growing privatepublic partnerships and reduced environmental impact are other factors anticipated to propel the demand. Theory and practice find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Modern electric hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles pdf. Development of fuel cell for automotive use 1960s to present 7. The efficiency of fuel cells is typically about 40% to 60%, which is higher than the typical internal combustion engine 25% to 35% and, in the case of the hydrogen fuel cell, produces only water as exhaust.
Beginning with the underlying concepts, the discussion explores fuel cell thermodynamics, kinetics, transport, and modeling before moving into the application side. Fundamentals, theory, and design modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles. Working of a pem fuel cell pemfc anode half reaction cathode half reaction thermodynamics of fuel cell enthalpyheat of reaction enthalpy of formation second. Fuel cell efficiency since fuel cells use materials that are typically burnt to release their energy,gy, y the fuel cell efficiency is described as the ratio of the electrical energy produced to the heat that is produced by burning the fuel its enthalpy of formation or. A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a chemical reaction. In a multidisciplinary field such as energy, hydrogen and fuel cells stands out by covering the entire width of hydrogen production and usage technologies, giving detailed descriptions of not just one but the range of very different fuel cells that have been developed or are under development. An evaluation of the total cost of ownership of fuel cell. The grove cell 1839 important insights to fuel cell operation h2o2 system the most efficient and the only practical system so far platinum electrodes role of catalyst recognize the importance of the coexistence of reactants, electrodes and electrolyte. Fuel cells are similar to batteries in that they both produce a direct current dc through an electrochemical process without direct combustion of a fuel source. There is a wide range of fuel cells available, including mid and hightemperature fuel cells. However, only lowtemperature fuel cells working with a protonconducting polymer membrane proton exchange membrane, pem are viable for automotive applications. It comprehensively presents vehicle performance, configuration, control strategy, design. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells for electrical power.
Activities have reduced the amount of platinum needed by more than a factor of five, doubled fuel cell durability, and reduced the cost of automotive fuel cells by more than 50% since 2006 and more than 30% since. His insight into the european world of aviation fuel cells was also useful to. Building on the foundation of the bestselling first edition, modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles. Fuel cell electric vehicle durability and fuel cell. Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles. The global fuel cell market size was estimated at usd 10. A fuel cell resembles a battery in many respects, but it can supply electrical energy over a much longer period of time. When used in multishift warehousing operations, considering the longer predicted life of fuel cell systems and the need for multiple battery packs per lift, the total annualized equipment costs of fuel cell systems are comparable to that of batteries for class. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen usually from air to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy usually comes.
The figure includes both in service vehicles and those that have been retired during the evaluation. Fuel cells require relatively pure fuel, free of specific contaminants. Hydrogen, fuel cells, batteries, super capacitors, and hybrids. Fuel cells do not need to be periodically recharged like batteries, but instead continue to produce electricity as long as a fuel source is provided. Every fuel cell has two electrodes, the anode which is positively charged and the cathode which is negatively charged ryan ohayre, sukwon cha, whitney colella, fritz b. At the heart of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell is a polymer membrane that has some unique capabilities. Hydrogen fuel cell design and manufacturing process used. This chapter discusses different aspects of fuel cells. Fuel cells are being commercialized to provide power to buildings like hospitals and schools, to replace batteries in portable electronic devices, and as replacements for internal combustion engines in vehicles. Pem proton exchange membrane fuel cells are lighter, smaller, and more efficient than other types of fuel cell. Fuel cell, any of a class of devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electricity by electrochemical reactions. Fuel cell systems employ an entirely different approach to the production of electricity than traditional combustion based prime mover technologies.
Initially, metallic and graphite materials had been used for production of bipolar plates due to their electrical conductivity characteristics. This report documents the status of the us department of energys fuel cells program as of the end of fy 87. Doe supports fuel cell development doefunded efforts have led to significant progress in hydrogen and fuel cells. Fuel consumption and co2 emission reductions of ships. An introduction to fuel cells and hydrogen technology by brian cook, heliocentris vancouver, canada whereas the 19th century was the century of the steam engine and the 20th century was the century of the internal combustion engine, it is likely that the 21st century will be the century of the fuel cell. Grove utilized four cells, each containing hydrogen and oxygen, to produce electric power which was then used to split the water in the smaller upper cell into hydrogen and oxygen.
The fuel cell stack represents the core component of the complete fuel cell power system. Fundamentals, theory, and design, second edition updates and expands its detailed coverage of the vehicle technologies that offer the most promising solutions to these issues affecting the automotive industry. A fuel cell is an electrochemicalenergy converter that converts the chemical energy of fuel directly into dc electricity. One cannot change only one parameter in a fuel cell change of one parameter causes a change in at least two other parameters, and at least one of them has an opposite effect of the one expected to be seen. Comprehensive guide covers all aspects of pem fuel cells, from theory and fundamentals to practical applications.
Seventh edition fuel cell handbook technical report. Provides solutions to heat and water management problems engineers must face when designing and implementing pem fuel cells in systems. Vehicles were retired due to performance loss, end of fuel cell life, end of vehicle test, or other catastrophic failure unrelated to the fuel cell system. Abstracthybrid electric vehicles utilize an energy storage source in order to. Fuel cells are mainly classified by the characteristics affecting their performance like the type of catalysts, electrolyte used, the fuel required and temperaturerange 1, 2. The report consists of 1 an overview of the fuel cells program including a brief discussion of how fuel cells work. These contaminants include sulfur and carbon compounds, and residual liquid fuels depending on the type of fuel cell that can deactivate the fuel cell catahydrogen fuel cell engines and related technologies. Practical fuel cells today operate with hydrogen fuel, generating only power and drinking water. This is more challenging when the fuel cell is supplying a variable load. Since publication of the first edition of fuel cell systems explained, three compelling drivers have supported the continuing development of fuel cell technology. Request pdf on jan 1, 2005, frano barbir and others published pem fuel cells. In terms of equipment costs, fuel cell systems are more expensive than battery systems. The comprehensive, accessible introduction to fuel cells, their applications, and the challenges they pose fuel cells electrochemical energy devices that produce electricity and heatpresent a significant opportunity for cleaner, easier, and more practical energy.
Pdf construction of composite polymer bipolar plate for. It is impermeable to gases but it conducts protons. The book deals with the fundamentals, theory, and design of conventional cars with internal combustion engines ices, electric vehicles evs, hybrid electric vehicles hevs, and fuel cell vehicles fcvs. A complete, uptodate, introductory guide to fuel cell technology and application. Fuel cell electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles. Of the different kinds of fuel cells, the proton exchange membrane type is identified as the unquestioned best candidate.
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